Load Balancer Configuration
A misconfigured load balancer is worse than no load balancer — it gives you a false sense of redundancy while silently routing traffic to unhealthy backends. We configure load balancers with proper health checks, connection draining, SSL termination, and failover behavior that actually works during outages.
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L4 vs L7 Architecture
L4 (TCP) balancing for databases, message queues, and non-HTTP protocols — low overhead, protocol-agnostic. L7 (HTTP) for web applications — path-based routing, header manipulation, and content-aware health checks. We pick the right layer: HAProxy or NLB for L4, Nginx/Envoy/ALB for L7. Many architectures need both — L4 in front for TLS passthrough, L7 behind for application routing.
Health Checks & Failover
Health checks hit an application-level endpoint that verifies database connectivity, cache availability, and downstream dependencies — not just 'port 80 responds'. Failed backends get removed from the pool within seconds. Connection draining ensures in-flight requests complete before removal. Active health checks probe continuously; passive checks detect failures from real traffic. Both get configured.
SSL Termination & Performance
TLS terminates at the load balancer with modern cipher suites (TLS 1.3 preferred, 1.2 minimum). OCSP stapling reduces handshake latency. Session tickets enable resumption across backend servers. HTTP/2 multiplexing at the LB reduces connection overhead. Backend communication uses internal TLS or stays plaintext within the VPC — depending on your security requirements.
Advanced Routing
Weighted routing for canary deployments — send 5% of traffic to the new version. Path-based routing splits API traffic from static assets. Header-based routing directs internal testing traffic to staging backends. Rate limiting per client IP protects backends from traffic spikes. We configure routing rules as code (Terraform, Kubernetes Ingress resources) so changes are version-controlled and reviewable.
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