Russia's internet censorship is administered by Roskomnadzor (the Federal Service for Supervision of Communications). Since the invasion of Ukraine in 2022, censorship has escalated dramatically. The government has blocked Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, and dozens of independent news outlets. VPN services are targeted, with Roskomnadzor requiring VPN providers to connect to the government's censorship infrastructure or face blocking.
The blocking of Tor in December 2021 was a significant escalation. Roskomnadzor added torproject.org to its registry of banned websites and began blocking known Tor relay IP addresses using the TSPU (Technical Means of Countering Threats) - DPI equipment installed at major internet exchange points. By 2023, Russia had also begun deploying more sophisticated traffic analysis to detect Tor bridge connections.
Despite this, Russia's Tor blocking is less comprehensive than China's Great Firewall. The DPI infrastructure is unevenly deployed, and many ISPs have incomplete implementations. This means that pluggable transports that fail in China may still work reliably in Russia, giving users more options for circumvention.